Layer-2 architecture of ZKBase

ZKBase operates on a Layer-2 architecture, using Zero-Knowledge Rollups (ZK-Rollups) to process transactions off-chain. This design reduces the amount of data processed directly on the Ethereum mainnet, easing the network's burden. ZK-Rollups bundle multiple off-chain transactions into a batch, which is then submitted to the Layer-1 blockchain after verification through Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKP). This method significantly increases throughput by aggregating transactions and confirming them in a single proof, while also substantially reducing transaction costs and network congestion.

The ZK-Rollup mechanism relies on off-chain generated cryptographic proofs of validity. These proofs ensure the validity of transactions without the need to publish all transaction data to the blockchain. This process reduces on-chain data volume, avoids Ethereum mainnet inflation due to redundant data, and ensures the integrity and security of Layer-2 transactions. The architecture is designed for scalability, capable of processing thousands of transactions per second without compromising security.

The architecture consists primarily of two core components: the off-chain computing layer and the on-chain smart contracts. The off-chain computing layer processes transactions in batches and verifies them using ZKP, while the on-chain smart contracts are responsible for the final state updates. Through this interaction, the system is able to maintain trustlessness and security while inheriting the inherent advantages of decentralization and consensus mechanisms in Ethereum.

The off-chain memory pool, state manager, and Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) interaction of ZKBase

ZKBase's Layer-2 solution consists of multiple components working together to ensure the validity of transactions and network efficiency. The off-chain memory pool is the storage location for unconfirmed transactions before processing. Once in the memory pool, the state keeper is responsible for monitoring the state of all accounts and transactions in the ZKBase environment. The state keeper ensures that only valid transactions are executed, thereby maintaining a consistent state across all users and applications.

ZKBase's off-chain components interact with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) by processing most of the transactions off-chain and only sending the final cryptographic proof and state updates to the Ethereum mainnet for confirmation. This design minimizes the workload on the Ethereum base layer, effectively preventing network congestion and reducing user gas fees.

Through the WebSocket connection, the off-chain memory pool communicates with users to track pending transactions and ensure their efficient processing. Once the transactions are packaged into a batch, the zero-knowledge proof system will verify the validity of the batch and then send it to the EVM for final state verification. This architecture allows ZKBase to offload most of the computation work while maintaining the security and trustless nature of Ethereum.

How does zero-knowledge proof ensure system security

Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) allow one party (the prover) to prove a statement is true to another party (the verifier) without revealing the specific information of the transaction. In ZKBase, these proofs ensure the validity of the transaction without publishing all transaction details on the chain. This not only enhances privacy but also reduces the amount of data sent to the Ethereum mainnet.

By generating cryptographic proofs for batch transactions, ZKBase significantly reduces the gas fees for on-chain interactions. The Ethereum network only needs to verify the validity proof instead of processing each transaction individually. This approach reduces congestion on the Ethereum network and keeps transaction costs low for users.

Highlights
The Layer-2 architecture of ZKBase uses ZK-Rollups to package transactions off-chain and submit proofs to the Ethereum mainnet.
The off-chain memory pool and state manager maintain transaction efficiency before verification.
Off-chain virtual machines process transaction batches, while Ethereum is responsible for verifying final state changes.
Zero-knowledge proof ensures transaction validity without disclosing on-chain data, thereby reducing Gas fees.
This architecture achieves a balance between security and scalability by leveraging the trustless settlement of Ethereum Layer-1.